The genetic regions hold information about all the vital functions – deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA makes itself corrosive for all purposes. DNA damage from external and internal source due to poor quality of semen results in sperm fertilization rate, and pregnancy failure is also poor. Sperm has a very limited ability to repair single or double-strand DNA breaks. The powerful effect of mobile phone EMW with DNA-destructive and chromatin break-in is among the biological interactions of cell phone EMW in various tissues. Several studies were designed to assess the DNA-damaging effect of cell phone EMW on sperm. Aitken et al. brought evidence that 7-day RF EMF exposure in male rats induced a significant increase in DNA damage-related changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial-genome of sperm, which could be recovered separately from the cauda epididymis. D. iulis has increased DNA integrity damage in sperm, as demonstrated by TUNEL assay using the effect of cell phone EMW proportional to the exposed SAR. Falzon et al. conducted an experiment using purified sperm; however, evidence from the TUNEL assay showed no significant change in cellular DNA integrity. Another study by Agrawal showed no difference between EMW-exposed vs. non-exposed groups. The main conclusion that one can understand from these studies is that this DNA damage caused by EMW is very significant, but may not be very well established after short-term exposure in regards to having a cumulative effect – only after repeated exposure. The frequencies of EMW and their particular absorption rate SAR may be the basis for the difference in results found in the said study.
Ambiguity Surrounding Cell Phone Studies And Their Results
Research on cell phones and RF-EMF radiation and their effects on human health has become a controversial issue. Many studies suggest that there is a negative relationship between phone use and human health in general and perhaps male fertility. Simply, some studies identify some limitations of research on the lack of relationship of mobile phone use with semen quality. This actually leads to controversies that still arise: uninformed research designs and uninformed consent procedures. The proper control in a cell phone study should be no exposure to mobile use in any form. However, this is probably impossible as technology changes all the time. For this reason in vivo studies involve people who have been exposed to “restricted” RF-EMF radiation by using cell phones at standardized levels.
In terms of SAR value, different studies prove a non-uniform approach. The frequency, SAR rate and time of exposure to cells vary greatly in different studies. Also, such variations include variations in the type of cell phone used, talk time and standby model for transmission, and quite importantly, the distance of the phone from the cell. These variations give a sense of ambiguity to the results of cell phone studies. Sometimes, the SAR measured in a study varies due to all the parameters that determine exposure considerations, such as frequency, intensity, polarization, radiation source-body configuration, size and location of the cell type. Apart from frequency, some other parameters that determine SAR measurements are intensity, polarization, specific absorption rate (SAR), and the location, geometry and electrical size of the cell. Animals are entities of size and reproduction that differ in physical characteristics from humans and hence it is quite logical to apply the results of studies on animals to humans. In fact, not all people exposed to such radiation become infertile. This is because within such exposed groups there are different human body reactions due to very low frequency bandwidth of ionizing, non-ionizing and weak electromagnetic radiation. They were exposed to weak non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. This means that about 3% of the general population suffers from different types of diagnoses of vague symptoms, which no one can define very precisely, but they are mainly characterized by anxiety, headaches and other disorders in behavior.
On the other hand, there are people who are electro-sensitive but do not realize when they have been exposed to this type of radiation, thinking that their symptoms are quite normal. The mechanism of electro-sensitivity may be the presence of a thick layer of stratum granulosum in their skin, which is described as the leaky layer. Therefore, the total energy delivered and the SAR in superficial organs such as the testes will be very high. Some people seem to have this hyper-sensitivity due to relatively low calcium and magnesium in the blood. Such low levels of these minerals mean that a smaller number of ions are needed to cross the plasma membrane when exposed to electromagnetic waves. This disrupts cells and tissues and brings noticeable damage. Finally, variations exist in the inherent characteristics of sperm such as DNA repair systems and antioxidant activities which are the main defense mechanisms against cell phone electromagnetic radiation. Some specific ethical considerations are needed when conducting actual in vivo testing. For this reason, it is customary to perform studies on animal models or in vitro ejaculate samples. The problems with the use of animal models have already been described. The problems that can occur when testing in vitro with clean ejaculated samples have to do with calculating the distance between the exposure device and the sample that will simulate real-life conditions. This problem is answered by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. To use this simulation, the computer simulated that there were several layers of tissue between the mobile phone and the sperm in the testis.
The findings showed that, to simulate exposure in vivo, a distance of approximately 0.8-1.8 cm would be needed between the cell phone and ejaculated sperm, comparable to the estimated distance between the cell phone and the testis. Such results can be used in the construction of studies on the quality of the relayed evidence cannot conclusively judge the effect of mobile’s RF EMW radiation on the body, or more specifically, on fertility in men, as no formal methodology has yet been developed within cell phone RF-EMW radiation that would consider a uniform and appropriately limited control group.
Conclusion
Today’s technological advancements potentially pose a threat to the humans who use them. Although no substantial evidence can be cited to draw conclusions, an increasing number of studies suggest that cell phone use may lead to a decline in male fertility. These cellular devices transmit radio frequency electromagnetic waves that may affect semen quality and interfere with everyday bodily functions. Our review came up with data confirming and refuting these claims. SAR in the biological body involves various exposure parameters such as frequency, intensity and polarization. The size, shape and electrical properties of the biological body determine the value of SAR. Exposure to RF-EMW on the testis and secondary organ has been found to be harmful to sperm. RF-EMW does not yet have a specific mechanism that can explain how sperm is affected, although contemporary simulation models are numerous. Mobile phones are becoming/are an integral part of our lives, so more investigation is needed on how the new “smart phones” will contribute to everyday interactions. With further studies, regulations can be implemented by governments to protect individuals from the risks that result from telephone use.
Read Also:
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