Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most important political parties in India. It has shaped the country for more than a century. From its inception in 1885, it brought independence to India. Then after independence he guided the country for many decades. But its path has been full of challenges, changes and divisions. This post tells about the spectacular rise and fall of the Congress Party, a group that helped create modern India.
The Congress Party was started on December 28, 1885. Its founder was Alan Octavian Hume, a British civil servant. This may seem surprising. Why would a British official start an Indian political party? To understand this, we have to look at events before 1885.
In 1857, a major protest against the East India Company spread across India. The British called it “Gadar”. But it showed that the company can no longer control the country. In 1858, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act. This Act took power away from the East India Company. This placed India under direct British rule. The new British government said that it will make such laws which are according to Indian culture.
British officers replaced East India Company officers. These new officers were often more educated. But they were very few. Also, almost no Indian was able to qualify for civil service jobs. For example, by 1869, Satyendranath Tagore was the only Indian who qualified. This meant that the British authorities did not understand the Indian people well. He had little contact with them. This caused many problems in governance. They didn’t even know what people were feeling on the ground.
A British hand in formation
A.O. Hume lived in India for many years. He was an administrator in Etawah, UP during the 1857 rebellion. Hume was often critical of British policies. He believed that the government was wasting Indian money and potential. He also felt that the government misbehaved with the Indian people.
In 1882, he wrote a letter to the students of Calcutta University. He demanded 50 selfless people. These people will fight for more freedom. He wrote that if educated youth do not work for the freedom of their country, their faith in them will be wrong. At that time, there was no single National Party in India. Different groups worked in different areas. These included Bengal Association and Madras Association.
Hume felt that a National Party was needed. He was in the right place to start it. He was British and a senior civil servant. Besides, the Viceroy of India, Lord Dufferin also supported his idea. Dufferin believed that such a group would help the government. This will show what educated Indians think. The “safety valve” theory was formed from this idea. This theory shows that the British people had formed Congress for their own benefit. National leader Lala Lajpat Rai had also mentioned this theory. But he had no doubt about Hume’s good intentions.
Early years and modest goals
News of the first session of Congress appeared in newspapers in December 1885. People were invited to come by sending a circular. The first session took place at Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. W.C. Banerjee co-founded the Congress and chaired the session. He called 72 delegates from all over India.
The Congress was composed primarily of educated, wealthy Indians. Most were lawyers who had studied abroad. His aim was not yet to bring independence to India. Instead, they wanted to influence British policies in favor of India.
The party dictated certain traditions:
In its early years, Congress influenced British policies to some extent. The first session had 72 delegates. By the 11th session, this number had increased to 1,600.
Congress grew, but it also had to face internal differences. These led to major changes in the party.
Famine and allegations against the British government
When famine struck many parts of India, the Congress took a tough stance. He not only blamed the British government in his proposals, but also wrote letters to the government. He demanded an end to the “looting” of money from India by the British.
However, some Congress leaders found this method very weak. Lala Lajpat Rai did not attend the Congress session for seven years. He felt that nothing was achieved in a moderate manner. He believed that such leaders care more about their fame. A major reason for this was that most of the Congress leaders belonged to the upper class. He did not fully understand the problems of the general public nor was he able to connect with them.
Despite these differences, unity sometimes appeared. In 1897, when Tilak was arrested on certain charges, Surendranath Banerjee openly supported him. “Today the whole country is crying”, he said
Congress leaders initially filed protests and petitions to convey their views to the British government. But other members like Lala Lajpat Rai and Tilak took part in more anti-British activities. Due to this, Congress had to face criticism from the British. Also, some leaders criticized Congress because it was not doing much.
Rise of extremism
Differences increased regarding the goals of Congress and its way of working. This led to a split in the party when the British partitioned Bengal in 1905. The Congress split into two main groups:
The 1906 session was presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, who was a moderate. Militant leaders protested. To prevent a major schism and appease the militants, Naoroji passed some important resolutions. These included “Swarajya” (self-governance), the National Education Policy and the boycott of foreign goods. This was the first time “Swarajya” was used as a target. This was a major step forward, as moderates generally preferred softer methods.
Surat Partition of 1907
The extremist party observed that moderates were drafting a new constitution in Bombay. Boycott, national education and Swaraj were given less importance in this Constitution. Its purpose was also to remove extremists. For this reason, the famous Surat partition of 1907 took place.
The Congress session of 1907 was to be held in Nagpur. But Nagpur was a stronghold of extremists. Therefore, the moderates shifted the session to Surat. Surat was a place where moderates traditionally dominated. They hoped to pass the resolution without strong opposition from extremists.
A moderate Rash Bihari Ghosh was made the President in place of Lala Lajpat Rai. During the session in the French Garden, Tilak tried to present a proposal. His words were ignored. Tilak of the extremist group went on stage without permission. When people tried to remove them, a scuffle started. A shoe was thrown which hit President Ghosh and Surendranath. Chairs and sticks were used. Police came and arrested many people. The session was cancelled.
Subsequently, the moderates considered abolishing the Congress. He thought of forming a new National Conference with a strict constitution. This will prevent people with different views from joining. However, Lala Lajpat Rai told Tilak that if the Congress was divided, the government would suppress the extremist party. Lala Lajpat Rai convinced everyone. The extremist party accepted the new constitution and reconnected with the moderates. They knew that the time was coming for demands for freedom. They did not want to miss this opportunity.
In the early 20th century, new leaders came and there was a change in the attitude of Congress. Mahatma Gandhi’s return changed everything. In 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. His return changed the Congress. This was a movement of educated elite people. Now, it started getting support from common people.
Gandhi’s return to India
First, Gandhi met Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gokhale advised Gandhi to travel all over India. This will help Gandhi understand the problems of the common people. This will also help them connect with their emotions. Gandhi accepted this advice. He toured the entire country.
Main movement
After his visit, Gandhi led important movements. These included Champaran struggle, Ahmedabad mill strike and Kheda Satyagraha. These incidents greatly strengthened Gandhi’s position among the Congress and the public. Many Congress leaders were impressed by his ability to connect with the public.
Congress member Muhammad Ali Jinnah also joined the Muslim League in 1916. He helped in making the Lucknow Pact. This agreement brought Congress and Muslim League together. Now they will put pressure on the British government.
In 1919, Jawaharlal Nehru joined the Congress. His father, Motilal Nehru, was also president in the same year. In 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place. After this Congress started the non-cooperation movement.
Sardar Patel, who was then in Ahmedabad, was inspired by Gandhi’s ideas. He joined the freedom struggle in Gujarat. In 1921, Subhas Chandra Bose returned from England and joined the Congress. He also made major changes in the organization of Congress. The All India Congress Committee (AICC) grew to 350 members. A working committee of 15 members was created. Congress quickly became the center of India’s independence movement. Its influence increased rapidly.
Demand for Swaraj
Gandhi initially proposed to accept Dominion status. But many Congress leaders like Bose and Nehru wanted complete Swaraj (complete self-governance). In 1930, Congress declared Swaraj. However, the British did not recognize it.
Many freedom movements continued across the country. Gandhi’s Dandi March and Satyagraha attracted a lot of attention. Congress played a big role in these movements. Many of its leaders went to jail several times.
After the provincial elections of 1937, most Indians considered Congress as their representative. Congress contested 1,500 seats and won 758 seats. It formed governments in eight provinces, including the United Provinces, Bihar and Madras.
From 1940 to 1947, Congress led the Quit India Movement. It started because the British wanted full cooperation during the war. But they were giving very little in return. Gandhi understood that the British had no real intention of giving independence. He gave a speech calling for Quit India Movement. “Do or die”, he said Congress leaders resigned from their provincial posts.
Muslim League refused to join this movement. He already had relations with the British. He had also passed the Pakistan resolution. Hindu Mahasabha was also against this movement. He believed that Indians should learn war tactics to use against the British later.
Bose, who was Congress President in 1938 and 1939, disagreed with the non-violence of the Congress. He resigned and formed Azad Hind Fauj. They allied with the Axis powers to try to forcefully capture India.
Post-war elections and divisions
After the Second World War, new provincial elections were held. Jailed Congress leaders were released. In the 1945-46 elections, Congress again became the largest party. He formed governments in eight provinces. The areas shown in blue on the map were won by Congress. The green areas were dominated by the Muslim League, especially in Sindh, Punjab and Bengal. The Muslim League won all 30 reserved Muslim seats. Congress understood that Jinnah’s influence was very high in Muslim-majority areas. The demand for a separate country will increase further.
In 1946, the British formed an interim government of India. Five ministries were for Muslim ministers. This government was to be led by the Congress President. Abul Kalam Azad was Congress President from 1940. This was because most of the leaders were in jail due to the Quit India Movement, due to which elections could not be held.
When congressional elections were held in 1946, 12 out of 15 state congressional committees nominated Sardar Patel. This meant that Patel would become president and then lead the interim government. But Gandhi asked Patel to withdraw his name. Gandhi nominated Nehru. Patel withdrew, and Nehru became the leader. Some people say that it was a conspiracy against Patel. Others say that Patel’s health was bad.
Nehru led the interim government. He held the Ministry of External Affairs. Patel received the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Muslim League leaders got Commerce, Finance, Health, Law, Postal Duties and Air Ministry.
India gained independence in 1947. But the country was also divided. Both Gandhi and Sardar Patel died between 1947 and 1951. India also got its own constitution. Gandhi wanted Congress to end after independence. He wanted it to become a public service union for village development. But the opposite happened.
Nehru’s dominance and socialist policies
The first general elections in independent India were held in 1951. Nehru was the Congress President and the face of the party for the post of Prime Minister. Congress played a huge role in independence. It had also ruled the country for the last three years. After the deaths of Patel and Gandhi, Nehru was the most connected leader.
In the 1951 elections, Congress won 364 of the 489 seats. Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. There were only two main parties opposing Congress. The CPI won 16 seats. Jayaprakash Narayan’s Socialist Party, which was formed after leaving the Congress, won 12 seats. Nehru himself had earlier led a socialist group within the Congress.
Another leader, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, left the Hindu Mahasabha. He formed Jan Sangh. Jan Sangh was associated with RSS. Later it became Janata Party.
Nehru was Prime Minister from 1952 to 1966. He became a huge figure in the history of independent India. He was inspired by the Soviet Union. He believed that the government should have control over heavy industries. Therefore, socialist thinking was adopted in the main policies of India.
During this time, a “high command” culture flourished in Congress. Nehru’s strength increased. The party’s ideals lagged behind in winning the elections. The democratic party, where leaders had influence at the local level, changed. Power went to the central government. The AICC (High Command) paid less attention to state units. Decisions started coming down from top. Congress started working like a vote getting machine.
Congress won major victories in the 1957 and 1962 elections.But after losing the war with China in 1962, questions began to arise. This defeat was seen as a failure of Nehru’s non-aligned policy. Some MPs even tried to remove Nehru.
In 1963, Congress lost three important Lok Sabha by-elections. Strong opposition leaders won these seats. These were Ram Manohar Lohia, Minnu Masani and J.B. Kripalani. He was Nehru’s biggest critic.
There was pressure on Nehru. K, a popular Chief Minister of Madras. Kamaraj suggested a plan to revive Congress. In the Kamaraj Plan, Union Ministers and Chief Ministers were asked to resign. After this he will work to strengthen Congress at the local level. Leaders like Morarji Desai, Shastri and Jagjivan Ram resigned. Chief ministers like Biju Patnaik and Kamaraj himself also resigned. Nehru also offered to resign, but the CWC refused.
In the congressional elections in 1964, unity appeared. Critics inside the Congress became silent. This showed the public that Congress is still a Democratic group.
Jawaharlal Nehru died on May 27, 1964. This was a big blow for Congress. The question arose as to who would lead the Congress and who would become the Prime Minister. It was expected that Kamaraj would take command. But he said that one who does not know Hindi and English cannot become Prime Minister.
Then Morarji Desai was considered the next Prime Minister. He had a lot of support. But Kamaraj met 250 MPs. He asked him to support Lal Bahadur Shastri. Indira Gandhi also supported Shastri. Shastri became the second Prime Minister of India. Desai was unhappy and refused to join his cabinet.
Sadly, Shastri died in Tashkent on January 11, 1966. The race for the post of Prime Minister was again between Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai. Kamaraj and other leaders tried to convince Desai to let Indira become Prime Minister. But Desai was not ready to back down. Elections were held. Indira Gandhi won by 355 votes, while Desai received 169 votes.
Rise of Indira and fall of Congress in the states
General elections were held in 1967. Congress won by a very small margin. He formed the government at the centre. But she lost power in eight states, including Kamaraj’s Tamil Nadu. Jana Sangh won 35 seats. C. Rajagopalachari’s Swatantra Party won 44 seats. The Swatantra Party was a liberal party. She believed in less government interference. It opposed the license raj and supported open markets. This party was also formed by leaving Congress. Its growth showed public skepticism about the Congress and its socialist policies.
Congress was now divided into two factions:
Many people called Indira Gandhi a “dumb doll”. But he showed his strength. He asked some cabinet ministers, including Finance Minister Morarji Desai, to resign. He nominated Sanjeeva Reddy for the post of President, but the party’s official candidate V.V. Was Giri. This angered the “old leaders”.
The syndicate did not participate in a meeting. He made seven allegations against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. These included opposing the party’s candidate, trying to remove the Congress President and adopting pressure tactics. The biggest charge was the “willingness to take all power into one’s own hands”
Indira Gandhi had also nationalized 14 banks. This angered the members of the syndicate. His policies became more socialist. The license rule became stronger. Pro-market leaders were angry. On November 13, 1969, syndicate leaders expelled PM Indira Gandhi from the Congress Party. He said he committed “acts of open defiance” and spread “indiscipline”.
Indira’s supporters protested outside the Congress President’s house. Party members had to be chosen aside. This caused a split in the Congress. The Syndicate Congress had 65 MPs. She had the support of 259 members of the AICC. Indira Gandhi’s Congress had 446 AICC members and the rest as MPs. The Old Guards got the symbol of the original Congress Party.
Indira Gandhi lost her majority in the Lok Sabha. He took support from CPI and DMK. Now only what Indira Gandhi wanted happened in the party. Central funding increased due to big business. This also increased political corruption.
In 1973, the Congress Chief Minister of Gujarat faced charges. Two of his ministers accused him of dealing with a businessman. The businessman will fund the Congress election campaign. But after slogans like “Garibi Hatao”, nationalization of banks and Bangladesh War of 1971, Indira Gandhi became an “Iron Lady”.
In the 1971 general elections, Indira Gandhi’s party, the Congress (R), won 352 out of 521 seats. Congress (O) got only 16 seats.
Emergency and after that
On June 12, 1975, the Allahabad High Court annulled Indira Gandhi’s election victory. The reason for this was election irregularities. The opposition demanded his resignation. He appealed to the Supreme Court.Emergency was declared just 12 days later, on June 25, 1975.
During the Emergency, all dictatorial actions were carried out:
Sanjay Gandhi oversaw the sterilization program. 6.2 million men were sterilized in one year. Many people were forcibly arrested. Some say that up to 2,000 people died from these operations. During the Emergency, the 42nd Amendment changed the Preamble of the Constitution. To this were added “socialist” and “secular”.
Many people opposed these works. J.P. (Jaiprakash Narayan) led this movement. The Emergency ended on March 21, 1977. New elections were held. Indira Gandhi got only 154 seats out of 542. The Janata Party, composed of Congress (O), Jan Sangh and other groups, won 295 seats. Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. His dream of becoming Prime Minister finally came true.
In 1978, Congress broke up again. This time, Congress (I), i.e. Congress Indira, was launched. In the 1980 elections, the party won a major victory. Indira Gandhi became PM again. Rajiv Gandhi also became the General Secretary of Congress. He was given the responsibility of preparations for the Asian Games.
Before 1984, the Election Commission gave the symbol of the real Indian National Congress to the Congress (I). Then came the dark day when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. The responsibility of both Congress and the country fell on Rajiv Gandhi.
In the 1984 elections, the Congress under Rajiv Gandhi won a record 404 seats. Rajiv Gandhi was criticized for his speech after Indira’s death, in which he said, “When a big tree falls, the earth trembles” But many Congress leaders saw him as a positive leader. He took big decisions only after talking to the party. Congress remained stable under his leadership.
Rajiv Gandhi had many plans to modernize India. He had talked about India missing the “Industrial Revolution Bus”. He did not want to leave the “Electronic and Computer Revolution Bus”.
But then controversies came to the fore:
Due to these controversies, Rajiv Gandhi did not get full majority in the 1989 elections. The coalition government formed that year did not last long. Re-elections were held in 1991.
Rajiv Gandhi was the Congress President. He was campaigning for the party. He was murdered at a rally. This took place the day before the last round of voting in May 1991. Reports said that Congress was losing in the first round. But after his assassination, the rest of the elections were postponed until June. Due to public sympathy, Congress got many votes. Finally, P.V. Narasimha Rao formed a minority government.
Entry of Narasimha Rao and Sonia Gandhi
After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Narasimha Rao formed the government. But Sonia Gandhi’s name came up to take over the Congress party. She did not enter politics at that time. Narasimha Rao was the Congress President from 1992 to 1996.
During Narasimha Rao’s time, two major incidents spoiled his relations with some Congress leaders and Sonia Gandhi. First, according to reports, Narasimha Rao did not do much to stop the demolition of Babri Masjid. Second, the CBI filed FIR in the Bofors scam, which also involved Rajiv Gandhi. Delhi High Court rejected this FIR. Narasimha Rao’s government appealed against this decision in the Supreme Court.Sonia Gandhi was angry because her name had also appeared in this case. A book by former Enforcement Director Javed Chaudhary claimed that someone had tried to plant evidence to implicate Sonia Gandhi in the Bofors scam. It is believed that all this happened with the knowledge of Narasimha Rao. For this reason, Narasimha Rao was sidelined by Congress after losing the 1996 elections. Today, BJP leaders praise Narasimha Rao, while Congress members often avoid talking about him.
In 1998, Sonia Gandhi became Congress President. But his path to becoming president was full of drama.
Narasimha Rao led the 1996 election campaign. Sonia Gandhi did not campaign. Congress lost the election. Narasimha Rao resigned from the post of Congress President. Sitaram Kesari became the next party president. Kesari had a very strong background. He was jailed during the freedom struggle. He was also the President of Bihar Congress. Kesari had been the treasurer of AICC for many years and a minister in the last three governments.
But Kesari was considered very close to backward caste leaders like Mulayam Singh Yadav and Lalu Yadav. Party members were worried that Congress would pay more attention to a single group. The upper caste leaders feared that they would be sidelined.
The decision to remove Kesari came after he withdrew support from Deve Gowda’s United Front government in 1997. His government fell. Congress came again.K. Supported Gujral, but he did not become the next PM. Dissatisfaction towards Kesari increased in Congress. Leaders like Mamata Banerjee and Biju Patnaik formed their parties. The central government did not last long.
Re-elections were held in 1998. This time, Sonia Gandhi took charge as star campaigner in place of Sitaram Kesari. His rallies drew huge crowds, but did not yield many seats. Congress lost this election also.
Sonia Gandhi’s faction held Kesari responsible for the defeat. He asked Kesari to resign. Was not able to decide Kesari. He sometimes said that he would resign, sometimes not. He sent a fax to Sonia Gandhi. Leaders like Antony, Sharad Pawar and Pranab Mukherjee were angry. He called a meeting of the Congress Working Committee.
When Kesari arrived, he saw that two proposals had already been passed: one to remove him, the other to make Sonia Gandhi the president. Some people say that Kesari had locked himself in the bathroom. His nameplate was removed overnight from 24 Akbar Road and Sonia Gandhi’s was installed. Sonia Gandhi became the president.
Rise and challenges of Sonia Gandhi
Sonia Gandhi was a personality with whom people felt connected. When the government fell, news came that she wanted to become PM. But because she was from Italy, some Congress leaders were unhappy. Sharad Pawar presented his views in front of everyone. Then Sonia Gandhi resigned, and wrote that India is her motherland and she loves it more than her life. Many Congress members protested against Sharad Pawar. Pawar, P.A. Sangma and Tariq Anwar were expelled from the party.
After this Sharad Pawar formed his own party, NCP.
Sonia Gandhi withdrew her resignation. When she became Congress President in 1998, Congress had 140 seats in the Lok Sabha. It was running the government only in four states. In 2004, BJP seemed impossible to beat. But under Sonia’s leadership, Congress formed a coalition government. In 2009, it won more seats and formed the government again. At its peak, Congress had governments in 15 states.
Sonia Gandhi was the Congress President from 1998 to 2017. She was the longest serving leader in the history of Congress. From 2004 to 2014, he was de facto considered PM. The “high command” culture of Indira Gandhi’s time became even stronger during Sonia Gandhi’s time. Some people say that the Congress Working Committee had more power than the PMO. Sonia Gandhi led a National Advisory Commission. It was said to run a “parallel government” parallel to the PMO. Before the Prime Minister signed, the files were approved there.
Congress gradually shifted towards the left. The credit for this goes to Sonia Gandhi. His government paid more attention to welfare and secularism. Some called it “minority appeasement”.
Between 2009 and 2014, corruption scandals were reported. These included the 2 G Scam, the Coal Scam and the National Herald Case. These scams led to the rise of Anna Hazare movement and Narendra Modi. BJP won with full majority by defeating Congress.
Rahul Gandhi and recent difficulties
As PM Modi’s influence increased, Rahul Gandhi’s stature within the Congress also increased. He was not formally declared the PM candidate in 2014 or 2019, but everyone knew that if Congress had won, he would have become the PM. In 2017, Sonia Gandhi took retirement from the post of party president. Rahul Gandhi was elected unopposed.
Before 2019, Congress formed governments in three large states: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. This made many feel that Rahul Gandhi would stop the “Modi wave” in 2019. Congress could have attacked the government on issues like demonetization and inflation. But Rahul Gandhi focused on the Rafale deal. In 2019, BJP won again.
Congress has made “self-goals” in recent years. Its leaders raised questions on the surgical strike and asked for evidence. They talk about dividing India into “rich” and “poor”. They make “As much right as the population” (rights based on population) an election issue. He made promises like the old pension scheme in the state elections. But they do not include it in their national manifesto. These actions have reduced the national appeal of Congress.
After losing two elections badly, questions were raised on Rahul Gandhi’s leadership. He resigned as Congress President in 2019. But the party’s focus on the family was clear. Sonia Gandhi was again made the interim president.
Congress has had the highest rate of defections since 2014. Congress governments fell in many states. Big leaders like Himanta Biswa Sarma, Jyotiraditya Scindia, Milind Deora and Hardik Patel have left the party. Dissatisfied leaders like Kapil Sibal and Shashi Tharoor were sidelined or left the party.
In 2022, Mallikarjun Kharge was elected president. He is considered very close to the Gandhi family. Rahul Gandhi’s Bharat Jodo Yatra was a good step. It connected Congress volunteers with the common people. This helped Congress win elections in Karnataka and Telangana. They formed governments there. Rahul Gandhi spent more time campaigning in Telangana than in the previous elections. This showed real connection.
However, BJP’s continuous campaigns against Rahul Gandhi have damaged his image. He is considered by some to be a “pappu” (a derogatory term). This tarnishes his image as a national leader. In Hindi speaking areas, many people do not see him as a serious opposition leader. Congress does not have any strong strategy to fight this. Their efforts sometimes “self round”.
Today, Rahul Gandhi is often considered the face of Congress. But apart from him, there are very few other Congress leaders whom people know. The biggest challenge of Congress is from BJP. It also has to compete with parties like Aam Aadmi Party. These parties market themselves better and convey their issues directly to the people. AAP often cuts off congressional votes. They know that Congress is an easy target. Punjab is a recent example of this.
The fall of Congress is not a small problem. Congress has not won elections in India with full majority since 1984. It has been in coalition or minority governments for 15 years. But it has not achieved complete majority on its own. This is due to deep problems in the way Congress organizes itself, works and connects with the public. Its connection with people is not inspiring.
At present, the future of Congress does not look very bright. Unless Congress truly changes itself, goes back to basics, and moves beyond short-term fixes, there is little hope for that in the near future.
Read Also:
In this article we have provided information about the Indian space programme. The information given…
In this article we have provided information about importance of technology. The information given here…
If you also use earphones or AirPods all the time, then be careful. Further let…
Youth lives not possible nowadays without gadgets. But if you use AirPods too long, it…
Most people consider music to be an important part of their day, which starts as…
In this article we have provided information about science and technology. The information given here…